Thermotechnique pdf

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Heraeus Clinifuge Centrifuge 2 Pages. Temperature control product portfolio 4 Pages. Vials and Closures Catalog Pages. The conventional component of the plant CI is composed by the electrolyser EL 6, the H reservoir 7, the O reservoir 8, the combustion chamber CC 9, the gas turbine GT 10, the steam condenser 11, the feed water pumps 12 and electric generator Between the two components NI and CI, on the electric side, it is important to mention the existence of the rectifier 14, which is rectifying the alternative current into direct current, necessary in the electrolysis process occurring in the EL 6.

The direct current is sent from the rectifier 14 toward to the EL, by the way a. Both ways b are designed to deliver alternative current to the electric network of the PS. The electricity starts from the electric generator 13 of CI, during peak load, and is completed by the alternative current produced by the generator 5 from the NI, the moment when more energy is needed as the generator 13 might deliver.

As the optimum pressure for the electrolysis is in the range of 10 — 50 bar [2], and the pressure in the combustion chamber CC of the modern GTs are comprised in the same interval, one proposes that for the EL6, as well as for the H and O reservoirs 7 and 8 , the value of 50 bar as nominal pressure should be made us of.

Anyhow, in the CC the pressure should be more reduced in order to permit that reservoirs 7 and 8 should play the role of tank buffer during peak load, when the CC needs superior flows of H and O, as regularly generated by EL6.

In regards to this consideration, one points out another characteristic advantage of the CNIPH, meaning that in its assembly, compressors for H and O are not required. The pumps 12 supplies their role. This highlight is an essential feature in comparison to conventional GTs, using gaseous fuel, for which both fuel and oxidant air or O should be compressed until the working pressure of the CC, be means of compressors.

In any case, a compressor for whichever fuel is necessary. The compressors require large amount of power in order to perform and are much larger in comparison to pumps. As already indicated, the combustion of H occurs stoichiometric, as the available O is provided only by the electrolytic decomposition of water in the facility 6.

In such a case, the combustion temperature is approx. It is evident that for stoichiometric combustion of H with O this value is considerable. Water is injected into the CC [7] for reducing the gases temperature at the outlet from the CC, before reaching the GT The turbine 10 is characterized by double features: — corresponding to the inlet parameters of the gas, the turbine might be considered a gas turbine GT ; — concerning the nature of the working fluid and according to the fact that in exhaust it reaches the condenser 11, the turbine is comparable to a steam turbine ST.

The corresponding Rankine cycle has a closed contour a-b- c-d-e-f-g-a. One presumes a theoretic case study, by accepting that between CC9 and GST10 during the steam passing no pressure losses are noticed and that the respective expansion in the GST is a reversible adiabatic process. The mentioned closed cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-g-a posses some characteristic features in comparison with a classic Rankine cycle. For comparison, in Fig. The cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-g-a is accomplished as follow: 3.

The pumps 12 increases the pressure of water coming from the condenser 11 and introduces it to EL6 see segment a-b from Fig. The electrolysis of the water fed by pumps 12 is accomplished in EL6. Resulted H and O are stored in the reservoirs 7 and 8 at a pressure of 50 bar, as indicated in the previous chapter. That mince that the pumps 12 will raise the feed water up to 50 bar.

As all isobars from this zone are very close nearby, one presumed that point b is situated both on the 50 bar isobar as on the 30 bar isobar. At a standard cycle the segment b-c stands for the heating up process of water until the boiling point corresponding to the working pressure, c-d would indicate the water vaporization until reaching the saturating status, and d-e corresponds to the superheating of the steam in the boiler, up to to.

For the comparison cycle, the corresponding segments are b'-c'-d'-e' and represent also the mentioned processes, accomplished in the boiler. In the analyzed case, all these processes are replaced by the electrolysis in EL6 and the combustion of H with O, in the CC9. One may presume that these new processes are comprising complex procedure of the heating up of water, its boiling vaporizing and superheating of the results vapors. All are virtual processes.

In consequence, section b-c-d-e of the cycle has been drawn with dot line. In the following, the process represented by the sequence a-b-c-d-e-f-g-a are described: 3. Isobaric cooling of the steam segment f-g until it reaches the saturated dry state point g ; 3.

Condensation of steam in the condenser 11 segment g-a. Concerning the partition f-g, one remarks that the steam cooling along it, using cooling water having 15 oC, would represent an energetic loss, as point f having approx.

Point f'' is situated on an isotherm of approx. This solution is favorable especially during winter, when load peak is requested, as heat consumption is considerable high for district heating. One knows that the maximum water temperature in the secondary circuit in the district heating schemes is — oC. Normally these processes require steam with temperature over oC. As example the desalinization plant for Jebel Ali G in Dubai [11] is given, where pressured steam with Presently such systems are well known and adopted for special systems where low temperature heat is recovered [12].

By applying formula 1 and introducing the values for isi and isf as resulted from T-s diagram represented in Fig. The results are represented in Fig. One also remarks the fact that temperature to — especially up to oC — has a larger influence upon the thermal efficiency, in comparison to po.

As previously indicated, by heat recovery from the still superheated steam evacuated from the GST one may achieve an improved efficiency, in comparison to the case when no such recovery is applied. This fact is due especially to the much more improved value of the temperature to 1 oC , in comparison to the to value on the basic case oC. For such global efficiency one should consider also the energetic efficiency of the electrolysis. Also by means of the diagram outlined in Fig.

It represents the ratio of the water flow necessary for reducing the temperature in the CC to a convenient value and the water flow necessary for the electrolysis. A simplified scheme of such a system is given in Fig. The thermal energy balance will be analyzed only for the CC. If one refers to 1 kg water introduced into the EL, Qew represents exactly the specific enthalpy of the water input into the EL.

From Fig. One concludes that for every 1 kg water introduced into the EL, additional 3. In the mentioned case, the outlet water steam quantity from the GST is 4.

Generally, in a power system PS , some electrical power plants PPs assure the basic load curve per annum. When the peak load in the NPS is reached, the HPPs installed with this special purpose operates, for a shorter period, and only the TPPs, from which the majority operating with hydrocarbons, are completing the necessity.

The NPPs and HPPs adequate to operate on the load curve basis might contribute to the cover the peak load by using hydrogen H as energetic vector. This is possible by means of a system in which H and oxygen O are delivered through electrolysis, accomplished with the electric energy generated from NPPs or HPPs, with normal continuous functioning at normal load.

H and O might be stored in special reservoirs, and used gas turbines GTs plants for delivering missing necessary secondary electric energy amount, along shorter or longer intervals, covering the peak load. A system, where the primary electric energy is generated with the support of nuclear energy, consist mainly of a nuclear installation NI and a conventional one CI , operating with a turbine that uses flue gases delivered by a combustion chamber CC , where H and O react.

The reaction product is in reality water, in steam phase. Taking into account the particular features of the CI with GT, the steam posses a reduced pressure, 20—40 bar, but a very high temperature, 1 — 1 oC. The CNIPH is characterized by the following specificities: — The power installation is totally non-polluting as both NI and CI are operating in closed circuit, and the working fluids in these components is water in different phases liquid or steam; — The installation is simple, because its components CI is operating with a CC instead of a boiler, thus the used specific metal input and the dimensions of the steam generator are considerable reduced, in comparison to a power classic installation operating with steam; — As H and O are generated by electrolysis just in the frame of the combined installation, no compressors are necessary for the transport of the gases.

The pressure of the two gases is generated in the EL, where the electrolysis is accomplished with water fed in by means of pumps.