The format of the trial was a mix of legal traditions: There were prosecutors and defense attorneys according to British and American law, but the decisions and sentences were imposed by a tribunal panel of judges rather than a single judge and a jury.
The chief American prosecutor was Robert H. Jackson , an associate justice of the U. Supreme Court. Each of the four Allied powers supplied two judges—a main judge and an alternate. One of the indicted men was deemed medically unfit to stand trial, while a second man killed himself before the trial began. Hitler and two of his top associates, Heinrich Himmler and Joseph Goebbels , had each committed suicide in the spring of before they could be brought to trial.
The defendants were allowed to choose their own lawyers, and the most common defense strategy was that the crimes defined in the London Charter were examples of ex post facto law; that is, they were laws that criminalized actions committed before the laws were drafted. As the accused men and judges spoke four different languages, the trial saw the introduction of a technological innovation taken for granted today: instantaneous translation.
IBM provided the technology and recruited men and women from international telephone exchanges to provide on-the-spot translations through headphones in English, French, German and Russian. In the end, the international tribunal found all but three of the defendants guilty. Twelve were sentenced to death, one in absentia, and the rest were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life behind bars.
Ten of the condemned were executed by hanging on October 16, These proceedings, lasting from December to April , are grouped together as the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. They differed from the first trial in that they were conducted before U. The reason for the change was that growing differences among the four Allied powers had made other joint trials impossible.
The subsequent trials were held in the same location at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg. The Nuremberg Code was written in during the trial in Nuremberg, Germany, of doctors who conducted medical experiments on more than 7, concentration camp prisoners during World War II.
They tested ways to improve the chances of survival for Nazi soldiers in the field. They tested medical procedures and drugs. They conducted experiments to support their ideological view of racial superiority.
The basis for this claim goes back much further than the pandemic, though. As is often the case with false claims like this, it appears to have evolved from a more vague suggestion made years ago. In the s, a prominent vaccine critic, Barbara Loe Fisher, cited one of the core principles stated in the Nuremberg Code — informed consent — to support her argument that parents should have more freedom to choose whether or not to vaccinate their children.
All 50 states require children to be vaccinated in order to start school, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. All 50 states also have medical exemptions, while 45 states and the District of Columbia offer religious exemptions. But Loe Fisher appears to have mixed up two different lineages of informed consent — the one that applies to subjects of medical experimentation as in the case of the Nuremberg Code and the one that applies to patients in a regular health care setting as in the case of vaccines.
There should be no exception for vaccination. That developed separately. The concept of informed consent in medical research grew largely out of unethical research projects conducted in the early 20th century, including the experiments during the Holocaust and the syphilis study done on black men without their consent in Tuskegee, Alabama, according to a paper from the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, which distinguishes between the idea of informed consent for medical research and regular treatment.
Jay Katz, the other professor whose work was cited by the National Vaccine Information Center, died in However, tens of thousands of historical documents from the Nuremberg Tribunal — newly released online — unequivocally document that:. Mathias Rath. Listen to him pleading in with his fellow Germans to not go down the same road that Germans have traveled twice before.
He, too, claims that the two world wars were driven by the insatiable greed of the pharmaceutical and chemical cartels. The legacy of I. One does not build a great war machine in a fit of passion nor an Auschwitz factory during a passing spasm of brutality. Their purpose was to turn the German nation into a military machine so it could impose its dominion on Europe and other nations beyond the seas. They were the warp and woof of the dark mantle of death that settled over Europe.
Farben board members and executives based on mass murder, slavery, and other crimes against humanity. Amazingly, however, by , all of them had already been released and continued to consult with German corporations. Moreover, today each of the three daughters of I. Farben is 20 times as big as the I. Farben mother was at its height in , the last year of the Second World War. There are people on this planet that take pleasure in hurting other people. They injured others from sheer psychological habit.
Others were demolished during WWII. Though photographs from the rallies put a positive spin on these ritualistic mass gatherings, the reality was quite different. No one had thought out the logistics. The rally grounds were an actual construction site. The rallies themselves featured trash-strewn accommodations and squalor, drunken party members, and unabashed public urination.
Since , all buildings on the former Nazi party rally grounds are listed as historic monuments. In , Nuremberg announced plans for conserving — not restoring — the sites on the rally grounds for educational purposes. The plans will expand the educational Documentation Center and install information stations on the grounds. The target date for completion is Nuremberg will compete be for European Capital of Culture that year.
Congress Hall was where the Nazis held party meetings and rallies. It was designed to seat 50, people. Congress Hall is a disturbingly overbearing and banal semi-circular building, twice as large as the Colosseum in Rome Italy. The structure was never completed when war intervened. Nuremberg debated what to do with the historic stone pile. Let it disintegrate or renovate it as a cautionary tale of the Nazi regime? As I mentioned above, Nuremburg chose the latter course of action and is working on preserving the site.
Opened in , the Documentation Center is in the north wing of Congress Hall. This is the first place you should visit to get the historic background on the Nazis. The museum is intentionally built like a spike through the colossal cement hall.
The goal was to create a space that would work well as a museum, but also confront the geometrical Nazi architecture and the megalomaniacal mindset that produced it. With unflinching eye-opening detail, the permanent exhibit Fascination and Terror describes the rise of the Nazi party and its atrocities and genocide.
The audioguide is well produced and comes in multiple languages. Storyboards and photos complete the history lesson. The documentation center is open daily from am to pm pm on weekends.
Click here for an online ticket, which costs 6 euros. An expansion of the center just began in The Great Road is behind Congress Hall. It was intended to be the central axis of the rally grounds and a parade road for the German army. The Great Road is 1. It stretches from Congress Hall and points to Nuremberg Castle. But it was never used as intended, when war intervened.
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